In English, an en dash, –, sometimes replaces the hyphen in hyphenated compounds if either of its constituent parts is already hyphenated or contains a space (for example, San Francisco–area residents, hormone receptor–positive cells, cell cycle–related factors, and public-school–private-school rivalries). Do you know what is wrong with the APA citation (Hsiu-Hua & Huey-Wen, 2011) or with the following APA reference: Gee Jung, K. (2013). If a template does not appear, you may need to allow pop-ups from your browser. Many last names in China and Korea are one syllable, and first names often consist of two names ⦠2D16, is assigned to this character in Unicode. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. Hyphen-minus Non-breaking hyphen Hebrew maqaf The hyphen â is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. For example, some style guides prefer the construction high school students, to high-school students. It can be a tedious task to insert the soft hyphens by hand, and tools using hyphenation algorithms are available that do this automatically. For example, Chiang Kai-shek's last name is Chiang and Mao Tse-tung's last name is Mao. This is applied whether numerals or words are used for the numbers. As the character is also used as a minus sign, it is formally denoted U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS. Compound modifiers are groups of two or more words that jointly modify the meaning of another word. A government-monitoring program is a program that monitors the government, whereas a government monitoring program is a government program that monitors something else. Thus, A fairly comprehensive list, although not exhaustive, is given at. Now all official European governmental documents use this. Authors Inverted Names. The Gutenberg printing press required words made up of individual letters of type to be held in place by a surrounding non-printing rigid frame. The Tasmanian Tiger was the last in a line of predatory marsupials that ranged across Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania during the Pleistocene Epoch, and it may well have preyed on the Giant Short-Faced Kangaroo and the Giant Wombat, described above. [25] In Greek these marks were known as enotikon, officially romanized as a hyphen. [a] However, with symbols for SI units (such as m or kg)—as opposed to the names of these units (such as metre or kilogram)—the numerical value is always separated from it with a space: a 25 kg sphere. Another use of hyphens is that employed by programs written with pipelining in mind: a single hyphen may be recognized in lieu of a filename, with the hyphen then serving as an indicator that a standard stream, instead of a file, is to be worked with. For example, preoperative and postoperative becomes pre- and postoperative (not pre- and post-operative) when suspended. Self-identifying citations and references in the article text should be avoided. (2013). "[20] In the 19th century, it was common to hyphenate adverb–adjective modifiers with the adverb ending in -ly (e.g., "a craftily-constructed chair"). retreat and re‑treat would be indistinguishable with a line break after re), or in languages other than English (e.g., a line break at the hyphen in Irish an t‑athair or Romanian s‑a would be undesirable). 2. In nineteenth-century American literature, hyphens were also used irregularly to divide syllables in words from indigenous North American languages, without regard for etymology or pronunciation:[13] e.g. Similarly, hyphens may be used to indicate a word is being or should be spelled. ing). Some stark examples of semantic changes caused by the placement of hyphens to mark attributive phrases: The first known documentation of the hyphen is in the grammatical works of Dionysius Thrax. Without the hyphen, there is potential confusion about whether the writer means a "player of American football" or an "American player of football" and whether the writer means paintings that are "little celebrated" or "celebrated paintings" that are little. [12] For example, the phrase more-important reasons ("reasons that are more important") is distinguished from more important reasons ("additional important reasons"), where more is an adjective. Sometimes the term is limited to non-breaking hyphens. [17] Suspended hyphens are also used, though less commonly, when the base word comes first, such as in "investor-owned and -operated". [27], The modern format of the hyphen originated with Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany, c. 1455 with the publication of his 42-line Bible. A dit name is essentially an alias, or alternate name, tacked on to a family name or surname. [28] Examination of an original copy on vellum (Hubay index #35) in the U. S. Library of Congress shows that Gutenberg's movable type was set justified in a uniform style, 42 equal lines per page. APA citation basics. For example, short-term and long-term plans may be written as short- and long-term plans. Although software (hyphenation algorithms) can often automatically make decisions on when to hyphenate a word at a line break, it is also sometimes useful for the user to be able to insert cues for those decisions (which are dynamic in the online medium, given that text can be reflowed). Properly citing publications in your writing adds to your credibility as an author, makes it easier for your readers to find the works you have cited, and makes the cited publications more searchable to other researchers. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). For example, wholly owned subsidiary and quickly moving vehicle are unambiguous, because the adverbs clearly modify the adjectives: "quickly" cannot modify "vehicle". 27 Likes, 0 Comments - Cindy Jenkins Group (@cindyjenkinsgroupjax_exp) on Instagram: âItâs official, I got my younger daughter, Madison, all settled in at USF in Tampa. Many last names in China and Korea are one syllable, and first names often consist of two names (often hyphenated). Jane Doe and John Smith might become Jane and John Smith-Doe, or Doe-Smith, for instance. All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented or make hanging 0.5 inch from the left margin. Some writers use two hyphen-minuses -- to represent an em dash in ASCII text. [15] Compound modifiers can extend to three or more words, as in ice-cream-flavored candy, and can be adverbial as well as adjectival (spine-tinglingly frightening). For example Julia Louis-Dreyfus is a descendant of Louis Lemlé Dreyfus whose son was Léopold Louis-Dreyfus. Social media posts, such as Twitter and Facebook, are not considered academic sources.Use them as a starting point and reference to your academic research. However, if the compound is a familiar one, it is usually unhyphenated. The hyphen-minus has limited use in indicating subtraction; for example, compare 4+3−2=5 (minus) and 4+3-2=5 (hyphen-minus) — in most fonts the hyphen-minus will not have the optimal width, thickness, or vertical position, whereas the minus character will. The characters below do not have the Unicode property of "Hyphen" despite their names:[29], (See interpunct and bullet (typography) for more round characters. As Unicode is identical to ASCII (the 1967 version) for all encodings up to 127, the number 4510, i.e. [14] This usage is now rare and proscribed, except in some place names such as Ah-gwah-ching. In some countries only the woman hyphenates her birth surname, appending her husband's surname. One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. List authors' last name first followed by the first and middle initials (ex. You should have some information for each of the four elements (author, date, title, source), but if a detail does not exist, leave it off. Scholar Assignments are your one stop shop for all your assignment help needs.We include a team of writers who are highly experienced and thoroughly vetted to ensure both their expertise and professional behavior. Unicode also encodes the minus and hyphen separately, as U+2212 − and U+2010 ‐ respectively. However, this has become rare. A few short and common words—such as well, ill, little, and much—attract special attention in this category. A hyphen may be used to connect groups of numbers, such as in dates (see below), telephone numbers or sports scores. B. "Shuh-shuh-gah" (from Ojibwe zhashagi, "blue heron") in The Song of Hiawatha. [16][17] Although the expression is technically ambiguous ("students of a high school"/"school students who are high"), it would normally be formulated differently if other than the first meaning were intended. In cases where the source itself is being cited rather than the author, the parentheses around ⦠In both examples, the authors of the publications are incorrectly cited by their first names. (For other aspects of en dash–versus–hyphen use, see Dash § En dash.). The word segmentation rules of most text systems consider a hyphen to be a word boundary and a valid point at which to break a line when flowing text. Note: The SOFT HYPHEN serves as an invisible marker used to specify a place in text where a hyphenated break is allowed without forcing a line break in an inconvenient place if the text is reflowed. Nevertheless, in applications like Microsoft Excel the hyphen-minus must be used to indicate subtraction, as use of the Unicode minus sign will produce an error. However, if an adverb can also function as an adjective, then a hyphen may be or should be used for clarity, depending on the style guide. The hyphen is often used in reduplicatives. To cite works of others, APA style uses an author-date citation method. Thus 28-year-old woman and twenty-eight-year-old woman or 32-foot wingspan and thirty-two-foot wingspan, but the woman is 28 years old and a wingspan of 32 feet. If the author's first name is hyphenated, include the hyphen with a full stop after each initial (e.g. [19][additional citation(s) needed] However, some do allow for this use. The hyphen should not be confused with dashes (figure dash â, en dash â, em dash â, horizontal bar â), which are longer and have ⦠This interrupted the letters in the last word, requiring the remaining letters be carried over to the start of the line below. Apart from the separator used the non-year form of the date format is also identical to the standard American representation. Germans[citation needed] and Slavs also used Roman numerals for the month; 14‑VII‑1789 (14 July 1789), for example, is one way of writing the first Bastille Day, though this usage is rapidly falling out of favour. At the time hyphenation was joining two words that would otherwise be read separately by a low tie mark between the two words. , appending her husband 's surname known as enotikon, officially romanized as a hyphen to introduce switches 60-degree:! Write out both words in modifying phrases ( often hyphenated ) also saw the introduction the... 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